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Twisted Solution May Explain Dead Stars' Glitching 'Heartbeats'

By: April Carson



Scientists May Have Cracked the Secret of the Still-Beating Hearts of the Universe's Most Extreme "Dead Stars"


A team of researchers believes they have unraveled the mystery behind the "glitching" in the spin of neutron stars, specifically a class known as pulsars. The explanation, they propose, lies in an avalanche of quantum tornadoes that interact in a manner reminiscent of entangled cacti, creating intricate and twisted patterns.


"More than half a century has passed since the discovery of neutron stars, but the mechanism of why glitches happen is not yet understood," said Muneto Nitta, a professor at Hiroshima University. "So we proposed a model to explain this phenomenon."


The Enigma of Pulsar Glitches


Neutron stars are the remnants of massive stars that have exhausted their nuclear fuel and collapsed under their own gravity. This collapse blows away their outer layers in a supernova explosion, leaving behind a core with a mass of one to two times that of the sun, compressed into a diameter of about 12 miles (20 kilometers). This core is so dense that a tablespoon of its material would weigh over 1 billion tons, more than Mount Everest.


The rapid rotation of young neutron stars, some spinning up to 700 times per second, is due to the conservation of angular momentum. This phenomenon is akin to an ice skater spinning faster when they draw their arms in. These rapidly spinning neutron stars, or pulsars, emit beams of radiation from their poles, making them appear to pulse as these beams sweep past Earth.


However, pulsars occasionally experience "glitches" where their rotation speed and pulse delivery abruptly increase, disrupting their regular heartbeat. Understanding these glitches has been a long-standing mystery in astrophysics.


Quantum Vortices and Neutron Star Glitches


The research team examined 533 observations of pulsars to crack the code behind these glitches. They suggest that glitches result from a "quantum vortex network" aligning with power law calculations, offering a model that requires no "extra tuning," unlike previous models.


Pulsar glitches follow a pattern similar to earthquakes on Earth: low-energy glitches are more frequent than high-energy ones. Two primary mechanisms have been proposed to explain neutron star glitches: starquakes and quantum vortex avalanches. While starquakes would follow a power law like earthquakes, they cannot account for all types of glitches. Quantum vortices, forming like tiny hurricanes in the superfluid interior of neutron stars, are a more widely accepted explanation.


"In the standard scenario, researchers consider that an avalanche of unpinned vortices could explain the origin of glitches," Nitta explains. "If there would be no pinning, it means the superfluid releases vortices one by one, allowing for a smooth adjustment in rotation speed. There would be no avalanches and no glitches."


Nitta's team's model, however, does not require an additional pinning mechanism. Instead, it considers two types of waves in the neutron star's superfluid interior: the fast-moving longitudinal "P wave" and the slower-moving transverse "S wave." This structure means that vortices are interconnected and cannot be released individually. Instead, a large number of vortices must be released simultaneously, causing the observed glitches.


The Dynamics of Vortex Clusters


The team's model suggests that a neutron star's superfluid core spins at a constant pace, while the non-superfluid "ordinary" component drags on it. This interaction slows the neutron star's rotation through electromagnetic pulses and gravitational waves. Over time, the speed difference increases, leading to the expulsion of superfluid vortices from the neutron star's interior. These vortices carry angular momentum, speeding up the ordinary component and causing pulsar glitches.


The researchers propose that neutron star superfluid is divided into two types. The S-wave superfluid, which dominates the outer core, allows for the formation of integer-spin vortices. In contrast, the P-wave superfluid in the inner core creates conditions that favor half-integer spin vortices. This results in a structure known as a "boojum," shaped like a cactus. As more half vortices form and connect through boojums, the vortex clusters become increasingly complex, akin to the intertwined arms of neighboring cacti.


This new model offers a compelling explanation for the mysterious glitches in neutron star rotation, shedding light on the extreme and twisted dynamics at play in these cosmic remnants.









LIVE TONIGHT! Special Guest appearances Billy & Elisabeth Carson, Roderick Martin, and Kika Wise!


About the Blogger:


April Carson is a remarkable individual whose life has been shaped by her determination, dedication, and unwavering passion for both education and sports. Born as the daughter of Billy Carson, she embarked on a journey that would lead her to outstanding achievements and a profound impact on her community.


April's academic journey commenced at Jacksonville University, where she pursued her love for the Social Sciences. She quickly distinguished herself as a diligent student, displaying an insatiable curiosity for understanding the world around her. Her commitment to her studies was matched only by her desire to make a difference in her chosen field.


While her academic pursuits were certainly impressive, it was April's involvement in sports that truly set her apart. She was not just a student at Jacksonville University; she was also a vital member of the Women's Basketball team. On the court, April's dedication and talent were evident for all to see. She exhibited leadership, teamwork, and a relentless drive to excel, qualities that would become hallmarks of her personality both on and off the court.





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