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DARPA's Groundbreaking “ACE” Program and the X-62A's Historic Dogfight Achievement

By: April Carson



In a groundbreaking achievement, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), in collaboration with the U.S. Air Force, has announced that its “Air Combat Evolution” (ACE) program successfully demonstrated the ability of the X-62A “VISTA” to engage in aerial dogfighting maneuvers against a manned F-16 in real-world scenarios. This historic event marks a significant milestone in applying artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in combat, highlighting a radical advancement in military aviation technology.


The X-62A's Milestone in AI-Controlled Dogfighting


Secretary of the Air Force Frank Kendall hailed the achievement, stating that the X-62A team demonstrated the safe application of cutting-edge machine learning-based autonomy in dynamic combat maneuvers. This achievement aligns with American norms for the safe and ethical use of autonomous technology.


The recent accomplishment of the X-62A represents a major breakthrough in DARPA's ACE program. The program's primary goal is to enhance trust in autonomous combat systems by focusing on enabling an AI-controlled aircraft to engage in fast-paced aerial combat, commonly referred to as “dogfighting.”


ACE Program's Rapid Progress


Since its inception in 2019, the ACE program has rapidly reached several key milestones, marking a significant departure from the usual lengthy timelines associated with developing advanced aerospace platforms. In 2020, DARPA's ACE program hosted the "AlphaDogFight" trials, a three-day virtual competition where AI programs from various industry partners competed in simulated dogfight scenarios.


Maryland-based software company Heron Systems emerged as the winner of the AlphaDogFight trials, outperforming seven other AI agents designed to control F-16s, including entries from major defense firms such as Lockheed Martin and the Georgia Tech Research Institute. Heron Systems' F-16 AI agent then went on to dominate a series of dogfights against an experienced human Air Force F-16 pilot, winning 5-0 through aggressive and precise maneuvers the human pilot could not match.


X-62A “VISTA” and Its Development


In 2021, Heron Systems was acquired by Shield AI, a San Diego-based technology company specializing in AI-powered defense systems. The previously computer simulation-bound AI program was subsequently uploaded into a modified F-16D multirole fighter aircraft, known as the X-62A “Variable Stability In-flight Simulator Test Aircraft” or VISTA.


Developed by Lockheed Martin Skunk Works in collaboration with Calspan Corporation, the X-62A is a one-of-a-kind experimental aircraft outfitted with software that allows it to mimic the performance characteristics of other aircraft. The VISTA is used as a testbed for new systems, notably contributing to the development of Direct Voice Input and the “Virtual HUD,” which have been incorporated into the cockpit design of the F-35 Lightning II.


Testing and Results


During joint testing in 2022 at the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in California, DARPA's ACE program and the Air Force Research Lab's Autonomous Air Combat Operations system successfully piloted the X-62A. They achieved more than 17 hours of flight time while autonomously executing advanced fighter maneuvers.


The team conducted multiple sorties with numerous test points, testing the algorithms under varying conditions against various simulated adversaries and with simulated weapons capabilities. Despite differences compared to simulation-based results, the team reported no major issues, which is to be expected when transitioning from virtual to live scenarios.


Recent Achievements and Future Outlook


In September 2023, DARPA's ACE program achieved another milestone by flying the X-62A against a live manned F-16. This included high-aspect nose-to-nose engagements, where the two aircraft got as close as 2,000 feet at speeds of up to 1,200 miles per hour.


The ACE program's rapid progress from simulations to real-world applications demonstrates the potential of machine learning to revolutionize air combat tactics and strategy. As the program continues to evolve, it is likely that we will see further breakthroughs in AI-controlled combat scenarios, reshaping the future of military aviation.












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About the Blogger:


April Carson is a remarkable individual whose life has been shaped by her determination, dedication, and unwavering passion for both education and sports. Born as the daughter of Billy Carson, she embarked on a journey that would lead her to outstanding achievements and a profound impact on her community.


April's academic journey commenced at Jacksonville University, where she pursued her love for the Social Sciences. She quickly distinguished herself as a diligent student, displaying an insatiable curiosity for understanding the world around her. Her commitment to her studies was matched only by her desire to make a difference in her chosen field.


While her academic pursuits were certainly impressive, it was April's involvement in sports that truly set her apart. She was not just a student at Jacksonville University; she was also a vital member of the Women's Basketball team. On the court, April's dedication and talent were evident for all to see. She exhibited leadership, teamwork, and a relentless drive to excel, qualities that would become hallmarks of her personality both on and off the court.





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